1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
(     )
 :      : 75
:               
  
-
1. () 
     ?      ? 
 
   
(b)    X, Y  Z      :
(F8F.C)16 = (X)8=(Y)10 = (Z)2
2.     :
(a) ASCII  
()     
-
3. ()       ?        
   C           
2
Easy2Siksha
() ''     
  ?       'C' 
             
4.     :
(a) printf()  scanf()
(b)   -  I/O 
-
5. ()    ?   -   ? 
   
 
 ? 
() 
     ?    ? 
  
 
 ? 
6.    :
(a) for  do-while 
(b)    if-else-if 
-
7.   :
(a)   
(b)       
I Recursion.
8.     :
(a) --   --
(b) ,    
     
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
(     )
 :      : 75
:               
  
-
1. () 
     ?      ? 
 
   
(b)    X, Y  Z      :
(F8F.C)16 = (X)8=(Y)10 = (Z)2
:          
   ,          
              
       ,   -     
-               
   ?
              
              ,  
               
        '   , 
   
   '         
4
Easy2Siksha
    
      '     :
1. :            
2.   :       (, ""  "
") 


3. :       '       
4.  : 
         
  
      :

 1
 2
 3
 
  ?



    ?




 
 
 
 :
1.  
       ,      
2.  

  ,  
         
3.  
       
,     
   
:  '      
   
 :        
    
   :          

  ?
  ,             
         
 ,      
5
Easy2Siksha
                '
, ,        
   
 -         :
1. :       
 
2. :     
 
3. :     
 
4. :         
 
 
 
           
 :
1.   
2.  
  ? ( )
o :  ' 
o 
: .
3.     ? ( )
o : .
o  :  
4. .
    :
(  ) --> [ 
  ?] -->  --> [ ?] -->  --> ( )
| |

-----------------> ( )

--> ( )
  
 :         .
-- :  '      
 
6
Easy2Siksha
  :        
    
     

 


 
/ 
 
 

   

,   
    
 

   
     


  
       

      
              
  ,            
              
                
- 
            
, ,
      '  ,          
,              
 ,  
      

            
            ,  
              
       ,  , ,  - 
  
 ,         
7
Easy2Siksha
(b)    X, Y  Z      :
(F8F.C)16 = (X)8=(Y)10 = (Z)2
:(F8F.C)₁₆  -     
  , 
  (F8F.C)₁₆  (X),  (Y),  
(Z)          
  ' 
 
 ,  --  
1.    ?
      ,       
  
 :
 ( 16):16  (0-9  AF)     'A' 10 
 , 'B'
11 , 'F' ,   15 
 ( 8):8  (0-7)    
 ( 10):0-9      - 
 ( 2):   (0  1)    
2.    
    (F8F.C)₁₆       
          
-- :
1.       :
o F8F.C₁₆ (F * 16²) + (8 * 16¹) + (F * 16⁰) + (C * 16⁻¹)    
2.      :
o F () = 15 ()
o 8 () = 8 ()
o F () = 15 ()
o C () = 12 ()
3.     :
o (F*16²) = 15*256 = 3840
o (8*16¹) = 8*16 = 128
o (F*16⁰) = 15*1 = 15
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Easy2Siksha
o (C*16⁻¹) = 12* (1/16) = 0.75
4.   :
o 3840 + 128 + 15 + 0.75 = 3983.75
 , (F8F.C)₁₆ = 3983.75₁₀.
3.    
, 
(F8F.C)₁₆     
-- :
1.     4-    :
o F () = 1111 ()
o 8 () = 1000 ()
o F () = 1111 ()
o C () = 1100 ()
2.   :
o F8F.C () = 1111 1000 1111.1100 ()
 , (F8F.C)₁₆ = 111110001111.1100₂
4.    
 ,         
-- :
1.       ,         :
o 1111 1000 1111.1100 1 111 100 011 111.110 000    (  
  )
2.     :
o 001 () = 1 ()
o 111 () = 7 ()
o 100 () = 4 ()
o 011 () = 3 ()
o 111 () = 7 ()
o 110 () = 6 ()
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Easy2Siksha
o 000 () = 0 ()
3.   :
o 1 747.60 ()
 ,(F8F.C)₁₆ = 1747.6₈.
5.   
 (F8F.C)₁₆  3983.75₁₀   
  111110001111.1100₂   
  1747.6₈   
6.    
    ,      :
        ()      
  ,      (),     (),
      ()          

               
7.  
        :
(1A3.B)₁₆ , ,    :
 :
1A3.B₁₆ = (1 * 16²) + (A * 16¹) + (3 * 16⁰) + (B * 16⁻¹)
1 () = 1 ()
A () = 10 ()
3 () = 3 ()
 () = 11 ()
(1 * 256) + (10 * 16) + (3 * 1) + (11 * 0.0625) = 256 + 160 + 3 + 0.6875 = 419.6875
 :
1A3.B () = 0001 1010 0011.1011 ()
 :
 0001 1010 0011.1011    1 010 001 011.101 100 (  )
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Easy2Siksha
1 211.54 ()

           
,  -             
-    
         
 
2.     :
(a) ASCII  
()     
: () ASCII  
ASCII  ?
ASCII             
    ,           
           -   
  
 :
 
 A   ,    ASCII   65    

 ,   a 97    ,   1 49   

 ASCII  
?
      ,    
ASCII     
                
         
ASCII    ?
ASCII     7      7   , 
0s  1s 
128          :
1.  :A  Z (65  90)
2.  : a  z (97  122)
3. : 0  9 (48  57)
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Easy2Siksha
4.  :!, @, #, $, 
5.  : -     
 (\n)   (\t)
 ASCII
 , ASCII        ,  8     
 256    ,          ( , é
   )
ASCII   
 ASCII      :

 
1000001

1000010
a
1100001
0
0110000
$
0100100

ASCII                ,
ASCII          
C    
   
 C      ASCII       :
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
char ch = 'A';
printf("%c  ASCII   %d\n ", ch, ch);
 0;
}
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Easy2Siksha
 :
A  ASCII   65 
()     
   ?
              
  --           .   
       --    ,  
            
   
        :
1.  .
2.    .
3.   .
4.   .
5.    .
      
   
    
 ,  ,         ,  
              
    
    ,      
 :
1. 
o            
     
 
o : 
    ,        
 
2. 
o              
     
 
o :     , "  "   
     

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Easy2Siksha
3.  
o               
   ,       

o :        ,     ()
 
4.  
o     -        
   .
o :    ,     
5. 
o               
o :       
     

6. 
o        
   
     
o :            
  ,    2  3  

           
    
  :
1. 
    ( )    
2. 
    ()    
3. 
  ( ) '    
4.  ,  ,           
    
C   
               
:
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Easy2Siksha
:
1.   
2.    : a, b,  c.
3. a   b  c  
o  a > b  a > c,  a    
4. b  c  
o  b > c,  b    
5. 
, c    
6. .
  :
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, c;
printf("   :");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
 (a > b & a > c) {
printf("    %d\n", a);
}   (b > c) {
printf("    %d\n", b);
}  {
printf("    %d\n", c);
}
 0;
}
  :    3 7 5 ,     :     7 
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Easy2Siksha

ASCII             
         
     --  ,   
      '     
     , 
       
    !
-
3. ()       ?        
   C           
() ''     
  ?       'C' 
             
:     
 ,         
   
             ,   
            -, 
    (  --  --)       

       :  3 + 5 * 2 ,  (*)  
 
    (+)        , C ,    
          ,  -  
 
    
C              
  :
1.  
2.  ( ) 
3.  
4.  
5.  
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6.    
7.  () 
8.  
9.   
10.   
11.  
    
 C        (  )     

1.   
 ( ):     '       
   
o :
int  = (3 + 5) * 2; //  3  5  ,  2    
2.  
: + ( ), - ( ), ! ( 
), ~ ( 
), ++
(), -- (),  (-), * (),  
: --
:
o    (-):   
o / (++, --):  
  1.
:       
:      
:
int x = 5;
int y = ++x; // : x 6   ,  y 6   
int z = x--; // : z 6   ,  x 5   
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3.  
:* ( ), / (), % ()
:--
:
int  = 10 * 2 / 5; // (10 * 2) / 5 = 4    --     
4.  
: + (), - ()
: --
:
int  = 10 + 5 - 3; // (10 + 5) - 3 = 12     
5.  
:<< ( ), >> ( )
:--
:        
:
int  = 8 << 1; //   8  1 ,  16 
6.  
: <, <=, >, >=
: --
:
int isSmaller = 5 <10; // 1 ()      
 5 10   
7.  
:== (  ), != ( 
)
:--
:
int isEqual = (5 == 5); // 1 ()     
int isNotEqual = (5 != 3); // 1 ()     
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8.  
:&
:--
:
int  = 5 & 3; //     ,  1 
9. Bitwise XOR  OR
: ^ (XOR), | ()
:--
:
int  = 5 ^ 3; // XOR: 5 (101) ^ 3 (011) = 6 (110)
10.  AND  OR
:&& (AND), || ()
:--
:
o &&:      
o ||:   -    
:
int  = (5 > 3) && (10 > 5); //  &&  = 1
11.   ()
: ? :
:--
: if-else   
:
int  = (5 > 3)? 5:3; //  5 > 3  ,  5    , 
 3
12.  
: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
:--
19
Easy2Siksha
:         
:
int x = 5;
x += 3; // x = x + 3; x 8 
13.  
:,
:--
:            
:
int x, y;
x = (y = 3, y + 2); // y = 3,  x = y + 2 = 5
    
1.             
2.          ,         

 
   '  :
int  = 10 + 5 * 2 > 15 && 20 / 5 == 4;
--  :
1.  (*)   (/):
o 5 * 2 = 10
o 20/5 = 4
2.  (+):
o 10 + 10 = 20
3.  (>, ==):
o 20 > 15 = 1 ()
o 4 == 4 = 1 ()
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4.   (&&):
o 1 && 1 = 1
 :()

              
 , 
              
               ( ) 
   
    
       
      
 
(ii) 'C'      
  ?
   "C"          ""    

 ""               "" 
  BCPL (   )   '  ,   
      
      1970             
'         ,     
   '    C       
  
           ,  
 -       
"C"  "B"      
       
   
C   
C    ,      :
1.  (1966):      BCPL   
    
2.   (1969):   ""    BCPL  ,    '
PDP-7  '      
3.   (1972):            
         ,   .
  ,  (-  '    ),    
  -              
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Easy2Siksha
 C    
AC                 -
        ,  (),  ()   -
-   
1.  C   
   C     '       :
#include <stdio.h> //  
int main() { //   
//  
int num;
// 
 = 5;
printf("num    : %d", num);
 0; //  
}
  :
2.   
1.  
     #            
     
o :#include <stdio.h>    /    ,
  printf()  scanf()         
                ,
 C          

2.    (int main())
o               C      ()
   
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Easy2Siksha
o         .   ()   
  
3.  
o          
o :int num;  int ( )      

o 
           ,  
  ,        
4.   
o      
    
o : = 5;      5   
o   : printf("num    : %d", num);  '    
  
5.   ( 0;)
o            (  ' 0)
  
o      , "       !"
 C     
          
 
   
         ,
  (  ,
, )       ,  C  ,    
#include   
      
#include <stdio.h>  , 
     printf()   

  
   
           
 (  , ) 
  C ,              
        (,    int,   ,
  )
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:
int  = 25; // ''         25   

   .            
( ,  ) C , main()       ,   

    ()    
:
 () {
printf(", !");
}
 
          -    .
:
 ( >= 18) {
printf(" 
    ");
}  {
printf(" 
    
");
}

    ,         
:
 (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i); //  1  5   
}

             

:
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Easy2Siksha
//   -  
/*   -   */
  
         :
#include <stdio.h> //   
int main() { //   
int num; //   
printf("   :");
scanf("%d", &num); //    
if (num % 2 == 0) { //       
printf("%d    \n", num);
}  {
printf("%d    \n", num);
}
 0; //  
}

  ,   ,         

 
   ,             
 
   C        , 
   
        --       
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Easy2Siksha
4.     :
(a) printf()  scanf()
(b)   -  I/O 
: printf()  scanf()  
-
C    /  (I/O)         ,
printf()  scanf()            
          C  stdio.h (
 /  )          ,  
           


(a) printf()  scanf()  

printf()
scanf()

printf()  '  
    
scanf()      
   
  
      
  ( )
     
  ( )
 

      
     

printf(" ", );
scanf(" ", &);


     
   : %d, %f,
%c, %s
      
    : %d, %f,
%c, %s


    
 

      

 (&)
 
    



      
  
  (  )
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Easy2Siksha
printf()   
1. printf():  
o printf()     () ' ()      

o          
2. :
printf(" ", );
o            %d ( ),
%f (  ), %c (), %s (), 
o         
:
3. #   <stdio.h>
4. int main() {
5. int  = 20;
6.   = 85.5;
7. char grade = 'A';
8.
9. printf(": %d\n", ); //      
10. printf(" : %.2f\n", ); // 2        
11. printf(": %c\n", ); //     
12.
13.  0;
}
 :
: 20
: 85.50
:
o   (%d, %.2f, %c)        
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Easy2Siksha
14.   :
o  printf()     & ()     

o     \n       
o             '
     
scanf()   
1. scanf():  
o scanf()            
  
o          
2. :
scanf(" ", &);
o        
  ( , %d, %f, %c,
%s)
o &            & ()
            
3. :
4. #   <stdio.h>
5. int main() {
6. int ;
7.  ;
8.  ;
9.
10. printf("   :");
11. scanf("%d", &); //       
12.
13. printf("   :");
14. scanf("%f", &marks); //      
15.
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Easy2Siksha
16. printf("   :");
17. scanf("%c", &); //      
18.
19. printf(" 
 : \ n");
20. printf(": %d\n", );
21. printf(": %.2f\n", );
22. printf(": %c\n", );
23.
24.  0;
}
 :
   : 20
   : 85.5
   :
 :

 :
: 20
: 85.50
:
25.   :
o           ,  scanf() 
    &     
o  
&   ,       

o     ,        %c
("%c")      
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Easy2Siksha
(b)    -   I/O   
C       /  (I/O)     :
1.   I/O 
2. -  I/O 

  I/O 
-  I/O 

     
 /    
    
    
    / 
   

printf()  scanf()
getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts()
 
     '  
  
    ,   '
--  
 / 

 

, %d, %f, %c, %s  
 
 
   

 

   
  .
  I/O 
  I/O   %d, %f, %c, %s,       
             
:
printf()     
scanf()     
:
-  ( ,  , , )     
     
-          ( , 
   %.2f)
30
Easy2Siksha
:
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a;
printf("   :");
scanf("%d", &a);
printf(" 
 : %d\n", a);
 0;
}
-  I/O 
   I/O             
   
:
getchar()     
putchar()     
gets()    
puts()    
:
   /        
:
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
char ch;
printf("   :");
ch = getchar(); //     
printf(" 
 :");
putchar(ch); //      
 0;
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Easy2Siksha
}
 :
 :

 :

 :
printf()          ,   scanf()  
     
  I/O  (printf, scanf)  /     
    ,  -  I/O  (`
-
5. ()    ?   -   ? 
   
 
 ? 
() 
     ?    ? 
  
 
 ? 
:   ?
  -    '           
                  
 ( )      ,  
        
    ,        
  ,                
(,   ,  , )           
   , 
           
 
 :
    ,    5     :
int mark1, mark2, mark3, mark4, mark5;
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Easy2Siksha

         :
int marks[5]; // 5       
   
?
1.   :           

2.  :         
3.  :        ,    
  
C        :
1. -  (1D )
2. -  (2D )
       .
1. - 
 1D        ,         
    
         
 1D   
C   1D   , 
    :
_ _[];
data_type:     
     ( , int, float,
char)
_:  
   
: (  )      
:
int [5]; // 5      
 
:
int              
    
[5]   5     
33
Easy2Siksha
 1D     

              
  0     
 ,     0 ,     1 , 
   :
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
int [5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; //  
//       
printf(" : %d\n", [0]);
printf(" : %d\n", [1]);
printf(" : %d\n", [2]);
printf(" : %d\n", [3]);
printf(" : %d\n", [4]);
 0;
}
 :
 :10
 :20
 :30
 :40
 :50
 1D      
  -    , 
         
  
34
Easy2Siksha
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
int marks[5] = {85, 90, 78, 92, 88}; // 5    
//       
 (int i = 0; i <5; i++) {
printf(" %d: %d\n", i + 1, marks[i]);
}
 0;
}
1D     :
1.  1D           
2.           
3.   0      
2. - 
 2D                 
      
        
     
 2D   
C   2D   , 
    :
_ _[][];
:    
:    
:
int [2][3]; // 2   3     2D  
 
:
int              
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    
[2][3]      2   3  
 2D     

   2D     :
int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
  :
 1 → 1, 2, 3
 2 → 4, 5, 6
 2D     
     , 
     :
    
 
    
 
:
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
//      
printf(" ,  : %d\n", [0][1]); //  : 2
printf(" ,  : %d\n", [1][2]); //  : 6
 0;
}
 2D      
 2D       , 
  (    )  
  :
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
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int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
// 2D     
 (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { //  
 (int j = 0; j <3; j++) { //  
printf("%d", [i][j]);
}
printf("\n"); //        ' 
}
 0;
}
 :
1 2 3
4 5 6
    
1. :         
2. 1D :       (  )
3. 2D :     (  )    
4.  : (0   )         
5. :            

:
  -  '    ,         
 '     -      ,     
  ,         
      
 ,      , 
        
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(ii) C     ?
C  ,                 null
 (\0)                  
        ,  
        
              ()   
 :
""    
 "   "    
C ,   -   
        ,
                 
              
 :
char myString[] = "";
:
char 
      
myString    
""        ,     \0 
C       
 
  ""     ,       :

0
1
2
3
4
5
 
l
l
0
 (0, 1, 2, )     
  \0    '     '   
C   
      ,     -  
     '          string.h 
     
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Easy2Siksha
   ,      :
1. strlen():        
strlen()          (  \0     )
:
int strlen(char *str);
:
#   <stdio.h>
# <string.h>
int main() {
char str[] = "";
printf("   : %d", strlen(str));
 0;
}
 :
csharp
   : 5
,         
2. strcpy():     
strcpy()          
:
char *strcpy (char * , const char * );
:
#   <stdio.h>
# <string.h>
int main() {
char source[] = "";
  [20];
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Easy2Siksha
strcpy (, ); // ""     
printf("  : %s", );
 0;
}
 :
  : 
3. strcat():    ()  
strcat()                
:
char *strcat (char * , const char * );
:
#   <stdio.h>
# <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[20] = "";
char str2[] = "!"
strcat(str1, str2); // str2 str1  
printf(" : %s", str1);
 0;
}
 :
  :  !
4. strcmp():    
strcmp()            
 :
0    ,
        ,
        
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:
int strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2);
:
#   <stdio.h>
# <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[] = "";
char str2[] = "";
int  = strcmp(str1, str2);
 ( == 0)
printf("  ");

printf("  
");
 0;
}
 :
  

5. strrev():   
strrev()    
          
 
     
:
#   <stdio.h>
# <string.h>
int main() {
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Easy2Siksha
char str[] = "";
strev(str);
printf(" : %s", str);
 0;
}
 :
 : olleH
C       
                    
      
:
   
            
  
     
        :
 :
#   <stdio.h>
int main() {
//   
 [5][20] = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
""
};
//   
 (int i = 0; i <5; i++) {
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printf(" %d: %s\n", i + 1, [i]);
}
 0;
}
:
1.  [5][20]   :
o   5  
o   19  + 1       
2.           .
3.    -    
 :
 1: 
 2: 
 3: 
 4: 
 5: 
       
   '         
null  \0         
 
 ,                
      (   ) 
 
 :
 =     (  )
   =       (   2D )

C  :
1.      \0        
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2.     strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),  strcmp()  ,  ,
             
3.             ,    
       
6.    :
(a) for  do-while 
(b)    if-else-if 
:   :
(a)   - 
                ,  
                 
      
1.  
:
o           
o    ,    

o   - 
:
 (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("i   : %d\n", i);
}
:
o i  1      
o       i <= 5.   ,      
 
o    ,  i 1  
    

     
 .
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- :
o    -   
 ,     
o              
o   - 
:
int i = 1;
 {
printf("i   : %d\n", i);
i++;
}  (i <= 5);
:
o    
   i      
o            i <= 5.
o   
      -     ,
      
2.   


-
  
    .
  .
 

 
(    
)
-   
 

       
   
-    
   
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3. 
:              
      
  
 ,  
 

(  
)
- :           
           
 -   

 !
4. -  
     :
:       
       
     ,   
  
- :      ,           
    
          ( 
       !)
5.    
   
        (  1  10 
)
 
          -    , 
   ( ,             

)
(b)    If-Else-If 
  if-else-if      '   -     
,                 
1.  
 :
o                
'   
o      '         
 
:
int  = 3;
 () {
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 1:
printf("\n");
;
 2:
printf("\n");
;
 3:
printf(" \n");
;
:
printf(" \n");
}
:
o          
o    3    ,  " "  .
o     
        
     
If-Else-If :
o              
o         ,      
:
int marks = 85;
 ( >= 90) {
printf(": A\n");
}   ( >= 75) {
printf(": B\n");
}   ( >= 50) {
printf(": C\n");
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}  {
printf(": F\n");
}
:
o  -    
o   >= 75   ,   ": B"      
 
2.   

 
If-Else- 
  
      
   
      

   
   .
 
   
  
 
    
  else
  
 


   ( )  
      (
   )
3. 
 :     
  
  ( ,
  1,   2),      '       (  

)
If-Else- :         
  
  ("   "),         -
      
4. -  
   '         :
 : 
    (    0-5 ,
  5-10 ,    10+ )   '  
  
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If-Else- :
            
,
 ,            
5.    
               ( ,
  ,  )
             ( ,
  ,   )  if-else-   
 


-
 
If-Else- 
  
 
.
 
.
   
  
  
   .



, -
 
  

 
  

 
 
-

- 

 
 .
-
7.   :
(a)   
(b)       
I Recursion.
:   ,      ,  
BA 2nd          ,   
              , 
    ,          
   ,      
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(a)   
1.   ?
  -            
        -   ,    ,
,  ,          ,   -
     ,    ,   
:
   
        :
 ( ),
 ( ), 
   (  )

             :
struct   {
  [50];
 ;
int ;
};
,   ,             
            :
struct   myBook;
myBook.price = 350.50;
myBook.pages = 200;
strcpy(myBook.title, "C  ");
2.   ?
       
      ,    
 :               
     ,              
-               
         ,    ,      

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:
   
            ,  ,    
 ,        

      :
  {
int i;
 f;
char c;
};
 ,  
     :
  myData;
myData.i = 10; //     
printf(" : %d\n", myData.i);
myData.f = 20.5; //     (    )
printf(": %.2f\n", myData.f);
 myData.f    ,  myData.i    
   
            
    
 
              
      :





       
      
 
        
 
         
 
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


 
 
      
    
        
     
(b)       
 
   ,          ,  
             
1.    :
        
        
      .       :
(i)  :
         
         
      ;        

:
int globalVar = 10; //  
void func1() {
printf(" : %d\n", globalVar);
}
void func2() {
globalVar += 5;
printf("    : %d\n", globalVar);
}
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(ii)  :
           
           
            ;  
   
:
void func() {
int localVar = 20; //  
printf(" : %d\n", localVar);
}
// localVar      
   
(iii)  :
        ,  ,      .
       
:
 (1) {
int blockVar = 30; // - 
printf(" : %d\n", blockVar);
}
// blockVar 'if'     
  
2.     :
      
        
     
(i)   :
        
            
       
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:
void staticExample() {
   = 0; //  
++;
printf(": %d\n", );
}
(ii)  :
               
'    
        
:
void autoExample() {
int temp = 5; //  
printf("  : %d\n", temp);
}
(c) 
1.   ?
                
                 
     
         ,    
  ,   ,     ,    

2.     :
     :
1.  :         ,    
    ,      
2.  :            
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3.   :
(i)    :
  n   n            
 , 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
 :
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) //  
 1;

 n * (n - 1); //  
}
    :
1. (5) (4)   
2. (4) (3)   ,  
3.  (0)     ,  1   
4.        
     
(ii)  :
             : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...
 :
int (int n) {
if (n == 0) //  
 0;
else if (n == 1) //  
 1;

 (n - 1) + (n - 2); //  
}
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  :
   
     '   :
1. , 
  ( )  
2. ,   
 ' 
   , 
  (   ) 
 
  
  :
   
 
          
 
:
-           
          
  ,     ,    , 
               
    
8.     :
(a) --   --
(b) ,    
     
: --   --  
-- :
1. :  ,             
        
 
2.     :    
  (  )   

    () '      ' 
 ,   ' 
3. :
o        
 
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o     
    
 
o   '       
     
 
4. :
void modifyValue(int x) {
x = x + 10; //    
}
int main() {
int num = 5;
modifyValue(num); //     5  
 0;
}
, num    '    ,      
 
-  :
1. :  ,             
        
2.     :   
      (  )
               
   
     
3. :
o       .
o       
    
 
o    
      
4. :
void modifyValue(int &x) {
x = x + 10; //     
}
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int main() {
int num = 5;
modifyValue(num); //     15  
 0;
}
,       ,       
,    
 :
1. :              
                  '
   
2.     :         '   
    , 
    
3. :
o       
o          

o         (      

   )
4. :
void demo() {
int x = 10; //  
x++;
printf("%d", x); //  : 11
}
 :
1. :   ,        
               
2.     :           
          
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3. :
o        
o        
o        
4. :
int x = 10; //  
void demo() {
x++;
printf("%d", x); //  : 11
}
int main() {
();
 0;
}
 :
1. :           
            '  
 

2.     :           
     (    ),  ()      

  

3. :
o        
o          
o 
      
4. :
void demo() {
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Easy2Siksha
 int x = 10; //  
x++;
printf("%d", x);
}
int main() {
(); //  : 11
(); //  : 12
 0;
}
x          
 -    
   :
1. :             
2.     :        
    
        ,    ,
    
3. :
o          
o       
o          
4. :
int add(int a, int b) {
 a + b; //    
}
int main() {
int  = (5, 10); //  : 15
 0;
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}
 :
1. : /  ,  ,     
         - 
2.     :       -   
   
;     
3. :
o       
o     
          
o      ( , #include <stdio.h> in C)
4. :
# <math.h>
int main() {
  = sqrt(25); //      
 0;
}
, sqrt               
  :
1. --   --:
o --    
       

o --      
2.  :
o     '  
o           
o            
3. -   :
o            
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o             
 
   ,             
          
:      Ai       ( )       
        , 
  '         